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In his harsh criticism of the notion of subjective right (SR), Michel Villey argued that (A) the SR did not exist in Roman law, but that (B) emerged at the dawn of Western modernity as the main legal consequence of nominalism that William de Ockham introduced in philosophy and theology. And, furthermore, that (C) in Ockham it would be possible to already find a legal theory in which the SR appears as the main meaning of the law. Each of these historical theses has been strongly discussed and almost all have been overcome. However, this article attempts to show that, beyond his historical inaccuracies, Villey was right in the central philosophical core of his thesis: the necessary association between nominalism and the notion of SR that has been imposed on legal modernity Although the discussion about the history of this concept is lengthy and exceeds the scope and intention of these pages, it is necessary to acknowledge that the author who most stimulated this discussion during the 20th century was Michel Villey. The core of the thesis defended by Villey consisted of the assertions that (a) subjective rights did not exist in Roman law,6 and that, instead, (b) they emerged at the dawn of Western modernity as the main legal consequence of the nominalism introduced into philosophy and theology, definitively, by William of Ockham.7 Furthermore, Villey maintains that (c) a legal theory can already be found in Ockham's work.

https://forum-phil.pusc.it/article/view/33/32 Aunque la discusión sobre la historia de esta noción es larga y excede las po- sibilidades e intención de estas páginas, es menester reconocer que el autor que más animó esta discusión durante el pasado siglo XX fue Michel Villey. Y el nú- cleo de la tesis defendida por Villey consistía en las armaciones de que, (a) el derecho subjetivo no existía en el Derecho Romano 6 y que, en cambio, (b) surge en los albores de la modernidad occidental como la principal consecuencia jurí- dica del nominalismo que introduce en la losofía y la teología, denitivamente, Guillermo de Ockham 7 . Es más, sostiene Villey que (c) ya en Ockham es posi- ble encontrar una teoría jurídica
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Fernando Play... latest and enters Ibn Hud the Red

Scene 4 The big imposing Gonzalo Ruiz and a group of soldiers carrying long make sift ladders follow Fernando creeping quietly forward with crickets singing in the background. Fernando: Sing, little creatures of God, sing, cover the sound of our hidden advance to the great walls of Quesada sitted on a high hill and steep ridges. They arrive at a great wall. Army Captain Gonzalo Ruiz: The guards on the wall are still not aware of us. I will be the first up the ladder. The king must guarded well while I climb. Suddenly Fernando thrusts aside Ruiz and lays his hands upon a rung and set it against the and starts climbing. Fade out. Fernando climbing over wall. Two Moor guards with scimitars swords attack him from behind. He turns with his sword flying and the first tumbles over the wall and the second after a brief sword play falls to the ground. More Moor soldiers are rushing in as Ruiz and other climb over the wall and join the fight. The king goes headlong straight in the attacker with ...
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Why Your Brain Overreacts to Fear—and How to Fix It Gradual exposure to fear can rewire your brain and reduce anxiety.

https://www.theepochtimes.com/health/why-your-brain-overreacts-to-fear-and-how-to-fix-it-5962424?utm_source=Morningbrief&src_src=Morningbrief&utm_campaign=mb-2026-01-28&src_cmp=mb-2026-01-28&utm_medium=email&est=OxChM4GpVmSIsh5aINFAA6ghbduy01KXEGpqNO7GIDjNGn0QBdqEx9BghP6o Why Your Brain Overreacts to Fear—and How to Fix It Gradual exposure to fear can rewire your brain and reduce anxiety.  30 242 Save Print At the center of our fear response is the amygdala, an almond-sized structure deep in the brain. Kateryna Kon/Shutterstock Debbie Cohen 1/27/2026 | Updated:  1/27/2026 0:00 8:28 X 1 We’ve all been there: that jolt of panic before a job interview, the knot in your stomach while public speaking, the dread during a difficult conversation. Your heart pounds, your breath turns shallow, and your palms sweat. Your body reacts as if physical danger is imminent, even when it’s not. This surge of anxiety stems from your brain’s fight-or-flight response. It is...
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