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https://brill.com/display/book/9789004548596/BP000018.xml?srsltid=AfmBOopZlw9otlekXfDjqw7S0QfcICwGc2ctJvYpFejmVXlxgvDRPZU4 MacIntyre writes, “Yet of course there have been notable Thomists in the last hundred years who would have disagreed with this account of first principles as strenuously as any Humean or Kantian, ascribing both to Aristotle and to Aquinas a belief in a set of necessarily true first principles which any truly rational person is able to evaluate as true.” 12 He continues to say these errant Thomists found Aquinas’s account rationally superior because they thought it could assume nearly any first principles and so argue modern philosophical opponents on their own ground. Of course, they convinced no one. MacIntyre’s unnamed Thomist is named in subsequent works as Josef Kleutgen. By failing, then, to understand Thomism as a tradition-based rationale, Kleutgen presented it as a closed system, not one that continues through history. What lies at the heart of Kleutgen’s mistake, for MacIntyre, is failing

Philosophical Inquiry according to the Roman School: Perrone, Kleutgen & Contemporary Thomism on the Role of Prima Principia https://brill.com/display/book/9789004548596/BP000018.xml?srsltid=AfmBOopZlw9otlekXfDjqw7S0QfcICwGc2ctJvYpFejmVXlxgvDRPZU4 Justin M. Anderson “Lì si vedrà ciò che tenem per fede, non dimostrato, ma fia per sé noto a guisa del ver primo che l’uom crede.” 1 – Dante Alighieri, Paradiso , II 43-45 Between 1988 and 1990, Alasdair MacIntyre raised a complaint against Josef Kleutgen on three separate occasions. 2 Given his specific influence over Aeterni Patris , but especially his general authority within Leo XIII’s budding neo -Thomistic renewal, MacIntyre presents Kleutgen as the leading neo-Thomist of the 19 th century. MacIntyre’s fundamental accusation is Josef Kleutgen, by misunderstanding and misrepresenting Aquinas’s understanding of rational inquiry, laid the foundation for the indefinite fragmentation of Thomism that would take place in th...
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Google AI: Shared Individualism: In Kraynak’s assessment, Locke simply refashioned Hobbes's modern natural rights framework into a more palatable constitutional design, meaning both ultimately belong to the same genus of modern liberal individualism.

Shared Individualism: In Kraynak’s assessment, Locke simply refashioned Hobbes's modern natural rights framework into a more palatable constitutional design, meaning both ultimately belong to the same genus of modern liberal individualism. [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]
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Google AI on Kraynak view of Hobbes to Locke: From Absolutism to Constitutionalism: Once Hobbes successfully dismantled the classical/medieval teleological framework and established the "low but solid" psychological foundation of individual self-preservation, the move to a limited, constitutional government was merely structural.Robert P. Kraynak: Yet, once the shift to limiting the scope of government to the security of rights was widely accepted, a movement away from the absolute monarchy favored by Hobbes to the constitutionally limited government favored by Locke, Hume, Montesquieu, and the Federalist was the logical outcome of the Hobbesian revolution from classical natural law to modern natural rights. [8]

From Absolutism to Constitutionalism: Once Hobbes successfully dismantled the classical/medieval teleological framework and established the "low but solid" psychological foundation of individual self-preservation, the move to a limited, constitutional government was merely structural. [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] https://www.nlnrac.org/earlymodern/hobbes.html THOMAS HOBBES: FROM CLASSICAL NATURAL LAW  to  MODERN NATURAL RIGHTS Robert P. Kraynak, Colgate University For many centuries, natural law was recognized as a type of higher law that spelled out universal truths for the moral ordering of society based on a rational understanding of human nature. As a higher moral law, it gave citizens a standard for determining if the written laws and customs of their nation or any other nation were just or unjust, right or wrong, humane or inhumane. Today, natural law is not discussed very much, at least not explicitly. When mentioned at all, it is usually rejected as dangerous because it undermines...
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Kraynak’s View of Locke as an Evolution from HobbesContinuity of the Modern Project: Kraynak views John Locke not as a sharp opponent who rescued natural law, but as a direct beneficiary and logical evolution of the Hobbesian revolution.

Kraynak’s View of Locke as an Evolution from Hobbes Continuity of the Modern Project: Kraynak views John Locke not as a sharp opponent who rescued natural law, but as a direct beneficiary and logical evolution of the Hobbesian revolution. [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]  https://www.pdcnet.org/collection-ng/fshow?id=cssr_2004_0009_0021_0028&pdfname=cssr_2004_0009_0000_0021_0028.pdf&file_type=pdf WORD S THAT SOUN D ALIKE BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS : CHRISTIAN "NATURAL RIGHTS" AN D KANTIA N INSPIRED "HUMA N RIGHTS" Gary Glenn Northern Illinois University Robert Krayriak^s Christian Faith and Moder n Democrac y imprecisely diagnoses a problem in modern rights doctrines. Kraynak conflates the modern notion of autonomous rights with natural rights as traditionally understood in Christian thought. It is still possible to defend the Christian-Aristotelian version of rights rather than let autonomy-based rights lead even Christians to licentiousness or despotism. \ Kraynak's b...
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