Villey: ****rights claimed are ultimately based on subjective whim**** Villey is not content to criti­cize abuses. Rather, he presents the whole modern attempt to base a system of jurisprudence on an affirmation of individual rights as funda­ mentally misguided. He describes this modern enterprise as Utopian, arbitrary and sterile. It is Utopian because the supposed absolute rights are fictions; they usually do not exist in actual law or in real life. Rights theo­ ries are arbitrary because the rights claimed are ultimately based on subjective whim; they lead on to a debased understanding of justice as "nothing but a label you attach to your own subjective preferences." And modern rights theories are sterile because they cannot form the basis of a coherent jurisprudence. 33

https://dokumen.pub/idea-of-natural-rights-studies-on-natural-rights-natural-law-and-church-law-1150-1625-0788503553.html#:~:text=of%20medieval%20fe%2C(ts%20collected%20in%20a%20long,in%20the%20writings%20of%20the%20medieval%20glossators.

Villey: ****rights claimed are ultimately based on subjective whim**** Villey is not content to criti­cize abuses. Rather, he presents the whole modern attempt to base a system of jurisprudence on an affirmation of individual rights as funda­ mentally misguided. He describes this modern enterprise as Utopian, arbitrary and sterile. It is Utopian because the supposed absolute rights are fictions; they usually do not exist in actual law or in real life. Rights theo­ ries are arbitrary because the rights claimed are ultimately based on subjective whim; they lead on to a debased understanding of justice as "nothing but a label you attach to your own subjective preferences." And modern rights theories are sterile because they cannot form the basis of a coherent jurisprudence. 33