EPITOME OF CLASSICAL NATURAL LAW Michel Villey Translated in two parts by Guillaume Voilley: In Kant's philosophy, the essence of morality is obedience to laws, a sequel of voluntarism. Only express rules are endowed with positive existence, only they have a practical utility. Hence, justice will only be conceived in the anthropomorphic guise of a kind of legislative Code. Further the laws here envisaged will be seen as permanent, since in this philosophy, our knowledge of what morally must be does not owe anything to the objective and moving facts of history, but claims to be all rational. From modern rationalism emerges the astonishing conception according to which the rules of morality should necessarily be immutable. Now a justice indifferent to circumstances of time and place is hardly of any use to jurists.