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Google AI: Rist critiques Leo XIII for redefining the common good into a "social expression of individual rights." Under this modern framework, the common good is no longer a shared end, but merely the aggregate sum of individual protections.

John Rist’s critique centers on the claim that Pope Leo XIII’s foundational encyclical, Rerum Novarum (1891), fundamentally shifted Catholic political thought by adopting a modern, liberal, and individualized framework of human rights instead of maintaining the classical, Thomistic view of the common good.
As a prominent Catholic philosopher and classicist, Rist argues that Leo XIII—by responding to the rise of state socialism and raw industrial capitalism—mistakenly attempted to beat modern secular thinkers at their own game. In doing so, Rist contends that the encyclical began explicitly defining social structures as a mechanism to protect individual rights under the banner of strict justice rather than theological charity. [1, 2, 3, 4]
The Core Mechanisms of Rist's Critique
1. The Privatization of Justice over Charity [1]
Rist claims that Leo XIII created a problematic boundary between justice and charity. In Rerum Novarum, the Pope famously argued that while the state must enforce strict justice (e.g., protecting private property and guaranteeing fair wages), the redistribution of excess wealth or caring for the poor beyond basic rights belongs strictly to the realm of Christian charity. Rist argues that this reduces the "common good" to a minimalist set of social rules to ensure individual fair play, stripping the political community of its inherent moral duty to pursue a shared, virtuous life together. [1, 2]
2. Shifting from "The Good" to "Individual Rights"
In classical Thomism (the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas), the common good is an objective spiritual and communal reality—the collective flourishing of society as an organic whole. Rist critiques Leo XIII for redefining the common good into a "social expression of individual rights." Under this modern framework, the common good is no longer a shared end, but merely the aggregate sum of individual protections. [1, 2]
3. Subverting the Nature of Property
While Aquinas viewed private property as a practical system of stewardship subject to the communal needs of all, Leo XIII elevated private property to an almost inviolable natural right to counter socialist state overreach. Rist views this shift as an accidental capitulation to Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, transforming Catholic social thought from a system based on mutual duties into a system protecting individual entitlements. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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